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Sunday, September 28, 2008

FIRST AID TREATMENT

Bleeding:
Treatment (serially): Elevation (rising of the affected part), tying at the pressure point, tying at the pressure joint and if still bleeding, apply Tourniquet (but for only ¾ minutes)
Common cold & flu:-symptoms: running nose, congestion of eyes, fever, and mild cough.
Treatment: keep the patient warm, give plenty of fluids like tea/coffee and juices, and give appropriate tablets.

Indigestion:

Symptoms: feeling of heaviness in the stomach, complaint of gases in stomach. Treatment: give Alkaseltzer tablet dissolved in water.

Gastro intestinal Upset:
Symptoms: stomach ache, nausea & vomiting, loose frequent stool, (sometimes with blood and mucus)
Treatment: give plenty of fluids like tea/coffee, soft drinks, clear soup, keep patient warm, and give appropriate tablets.

Nose bleed:

Symptoms: bleeding from the nose, spitting blood from the mouth.
Treatment: keep the patient in semi- reclining position, loosen tie & collar, apply cold, compress on the nose and forehead, do not let the patient blow the nose, apply pressure on the nose for 4/5 minutes, if bleeding does not stop, do not apply pressure on the nose as fracture is suspected.

Eye Injury:

Treatment: wash the eye with water after separating the upper and the lower lids, remove any foreign particle with cotton wool, do not pull a foreign body which has penetrated into the eye, and arrange for medical aid.

Headache:
A very common complaint and may be due to common cold/fever or other Diseases, give appropriate tablets, ask patient to relax.

Fainting:

Symptoms: temporary loss of consciousness and prompt recovery.
Treatment: keep the patient lie flat with head high, keep him/her warm, splash water on his/her face, offer hot drink when regains consciousness.

Fits or Convulsion:

Symptoms: jerky movements of the body with unconsciousness.
Causes: epilepsy or high fever.
Treatment: make the patient lie flat, put a teaspoon handle in the mouth to prevent biting of tongue, give rapid sponging, and give appropriate tablets.

Motion sickness:

Symptoms: feeling of dizziness, nausea and vomiting, headache, pallor (paleness), cold perspirations.
Treatment: give Avomine tablets with cold water.

Hyper Ventilation:

Symptoms: rapid deep breathing due to lack of C02 in body, dizziness, and headache.
Causes: nervousness or emotionally upset.
Treatment: ask patient to breathe slowly in a paper bag with mouth and nose inside the bag for a few minutes.

Sprains (sudden stretching of ligaments around the joints):

Symptoms: pain around the joints and swelling.
Treatment: elevate the affected parts, cold compress for first 48 hours, then apply pressure bandage, give pain-killers.

Fracture (breaking of any bone in the body):

Two kinds: simple or compound fracture.
Symptoms: pain and shock, swelling, deformity, loss of normal function.
Treatment: immobilize the fractured part and do not handle it unnecessarily, stop hemorrhage if any, treat wound in compound fracture, apply any splints to the fractured bone, do not let the patient bear weight on the fractured bone, give pain-killers.

Burns:

Causes: i) dry heat, ii) wet heat (scalds) from water or oil, iii) chemical burn(first degree burn, second degree burn and third degree burn).
Treatment: treat shock first, give plenty of fluids to the patient, apply burn cream and bandage lightly the area, give pain killers. For chemical burn, wash the affected area with plenty of water to remove the chemical, then treat as above.

Wound:
Treatment: stop hemorrhage first, dress the wound, clean all dirty wounds with any anti-septic, clean deep wounds with dry gauge and cotton only, apply wound dressing on the wound and tie the bandage, patient should get medical aid at the earliest.

Shock (a state of sudden circulatory collapse):
Causes: loss of blood, sudden sad news, pain in the body, bums, any heart disease and stroke.
Symptoms: fainting, pulse rate rapid, skin cold, breathing rapid.
Treatment: reassure the patient if conscious, keep patient lying flat with head low except in head injury, 1oosen tight clothing, ensure unobstructed air-way by cleaning mouth and nose, give 02, keep the patient warm, give hot drink if conscious.

Hypoxia (1ack of 02):

Symptoms: air hungriness, shortness of breath, headache and dizziness, fatigue and weakness, may lead to unconsciousness.
Treatment: 02 immediately, notify captain to lower cabin pressure or descent to lower altitude, keep the patient warm.

High temperature:
Symptoms: high fever is common to children, skin becomes very warm, and eyes become very red.
Treatment: give cold sponge to children, apply cold packs to adults, and give appropriate tablets.

Unconsciousness patient (patient who is not aware of his/her senses):
Causes: fainting, head injury, heart attack, shock, stroke, diabetes, over dose of diabetic injections and too much alcohol.
Treatment: let the patient lie flat with head low except in head injury, loosen all tight clothing, keep patient warm, ensure clear air-way by cleaning mouth and nose of patient, give artificial respiration if patient is not breathing, give external cardiac massage if heart has stopped, give 02, make the patient vomit if he/ she has taken too much alcohol.

Artificial Respiration:
Symptoms: if the patient has stopped breathing, check air-way and commence artificial respiration immediately.
Treatment: (1) Mouth to Mouth breathing or Exhaled Air Resuscitation(EAR): the patient is placed on the back with the neck extended by placing a towel under the neck, kneel on one side of the patient and take a deep breath, the patient’s nostrils are pinched with the fingers, seal the patient’s mouth with your mouth and blow air forcefully into the patient’s lungs until the chest rises, repeat the process, give first 2 to 4 inflations quickly, then give inflations at the rate of 12 to 14 times per minute.

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